Course
Study programs
Medical Studies in EnglishYear of study
3ISVU ID
200553ECTS
16
Pathology is a mandatory course in the third year of the Integrated Undergraduate and Graduate Study in Medicine and consists of 27 hours of lectures, 81 hours of seminars and 102 hours of practicals; valued 16 ECTS credits. The course is held on the premises of the Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, and in an online environment within the "Merlin" e-learning system and Microsoft Teams. Student Carnet password received upon acquiring student status is used for entering in "Merlin" e-learning system. Course objectives and planned outcome The aim of the Pathology course is to teach the students of mechanisms of cellular injury and various tissue and organ damage. Further goal is to provide the students with the knowledge of morphological changes in the human body during various diseaseses. The task of the course is to enable students to recognize morphological changes in organs, tissues, and cells by gaining theoretical knowledge in lectures and seminars and by gaining their own experience during practicals through reviewing gross specimens and microscopic slides. Learning outcomes
1. List the etiological factors of cell injury, define the pathogenesis or mechanisms of their action, and classify and describe the types of cell adaptation and injury. 2. Define and describe inflammation, tell the difference between acute and chronic inflammation, and compare them with morphological patterns; define and describe tissue repair and relate different patterns of inflammation with clinical presentation. 3. Define certain hemodynamic disorders, describe their morphological characteristics, and compare them with clinical presentation. 4. Define and describe diseases of the immune system, explain their different morphological characteristics, and relate them to clincal presentation. 5. Define and classify neoplasms, describe the biology of tumor growth, list the epidemiology of neoplasms, enumerate carcinogens, describe carcinogenesis, tumor immunity and define the clinical characteristics of tumors. 6. List and describe genetic diseases, the frequency, and types of the most common chromosomopathies. Give an example of cytogenetic test in prenatal diagnosis. List and describe the most common pediatric diseaseses. 7. Within individual organ systems, define the etiopathogenetic factors that lead to tissue and organ damage, then classify (define) individual diseases, describe the morphological features, and ultimately relate them to the clinical picture. 8. Describe the methods (techniques) of work in pathology laboratories and distinguish between methods and possibilities of their application in diagnostics. II. Psychomotor domain - skills 1. Recognize and describe the macroscopic changes of individual tissues and organs and based on that, determine which disease is underlying (provide possible differential diagnosis with explanation). 2. Recognize and describe the microscopic findings of individual tissues and cells and based on that, determine which disease is underlying (provide possible differential diagnosis with explanation). 3. Distinguish between individual diseases based on morphological changes of the tissues. 4. Compare gross and microscopic patterns of the most common diseases and recognize the crucial differences 5. Link morphological changes with the clinical presentation of the disease state. 6. To identify specific conditions in which, in addition to routine pathohistological assessment, additional diagnostic methods are required for accurate diagnosis and individual treatment of the patient. Course content The pathology course consists of a general and a systemic section. In the general pathology part of the course the students are introduced to the principles, pathophysiologic mechanisms and gross and microscopic changes of the Cell as a Unit of Health and Disease, Inflammation and Repair, Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolism, and Shock, Diseases of the Immune System, Neoplasia, Genetic and Pediatric Diseases, Environmental and Nutritional Diseases and General Pathology of Infectious Diseases. In the systemic part of pathology, etiopathogenetic factors, pathophysiologic mechanisms, gross and microscopic changes related to specific organs and organ systems of the whole body are studied. During the course the student gain knowledge and skills in the application of nomenclature of pathological entities and diseases. The acquired knowledge and skills should provide a better understanding of the causes and mechanisms of the disease required for accurate diagnosis. Conducting classes: Teaching takes the form of lectures, seminars, and practicals. It is the students' obligation to come to the seminars prepared, in terms of knowing the content of the course being covered. The practicals are based on learning and recognizing macroscopic and microscopic preparations. For this purpose, the website http://mikromed.uniri.hr is used. Students should study gross specimens and microscopic slides before a certain teaching unit. Part of the practicles witll be held in laboratories or autopsy room so students should be prepared and take with them white coats. |
- Robbins Basic Pathology 10th Edition Authors: Vinay Kumar Abul K. Abbas and Jon C. Aster Elsevier 2017, ISBN: 9780323353175
- http://mikromed.uniri.hr: Laboratory for virtual microscopy, Faculty of medicine Rijeka (Virtual pathology and Atlas of Pathology)
- All teaching materials provided in "Merlin" e-learning system.
- GPS – General Pathology Synopsis (Pathology Self-Assessment question's Handbook)
- SPS – Systemic Pathology Synopsis (Systemic Pathology Self-assessment question’s Handbook).
- Patologija. I. Damjanov, S. Seiwerth, S. Jukić, M. Nola. Peto, prerađeno i dopunjeno izdanje, Medicinska naklada, Zagreb 2018.
- Atlas of the museum of the Department of Pathology. S. Štifter. University of Rijeka, Faculty of medicine Rijeka, Rijeka 2020.
- Obdukcijska dijagnostika, M. Belicza i D. Tomas. Medicinska naklada, Zagreb 2012.
All forms of teaching are mandatory and student attendance at lectures, seminars and exercises will be conducted accordingly. Student has not fulfilled his / her obligations prescribed by the study program if he / she did not attend more than 30% of teaching hours of all forms of teaching (lectures, seminars or exercises) according to the Rulebook on Student Assessment at the Faculty of Medicine in Rijeka, class: 003-05/18-02/07, reg 2170-24-01-18-1.
Students' performance will be evaluated during class and at the final exam. Out of a total of 100% of marks, during the class the student can achieve a maximum of 70% of marks, and at the final exam a maximum of 30% of marks.
I. Achievement during the class (maximum 70% of marks):
Students' knowledge will be continuously monitored and graded during the course, as well as upon completion of certain units in the form of two written checks (tests: part I and part II) and one student seminar.
- Acquired knowledge with two written examinations (maximum 66% of marks) as follows in the tables:
Part I | |
Correct Answers Points | Points |
58 – 60 | 23 |
56 – 57 | 22,5 |
54 – 55 | 22 |
52 – 53 | 21 |
50 – 51 | 20 |
47 – 49 | 19 |
44 – 46 | 18 |
42 – 43 | 17 |
40 – 41 | 16 |
38 – 39 | 15 |
36 - 37 | 14 |
Part II | |
Correct Answers Points | Points |
120 | 43 |
119 | 42,5 |
118 | 42 |
116 – 117 | 41 |
114 – 115 | 40 |
112 – 113 | 39 |
110 – 111 | 38 |
108 – 109 | 37 |
106 – 107 | 36 |
104 – 105 | 35 |
102 – 103 | 34 |
100 – 101 | 33 |
97 – 99 | 32 |
94 – 96 | 31 |
91 – 93 | 30 |
89 – 90 | 29 |
87 – 88 | 28 |
85 – 86 | 27 |
83 – 84 | 26 |
81 – 82 | 25 |
79 – 80 | 24 |
77 – 78 | 23 |
75 – 76 | 22 |
74 | 21 |
73 | 20,5 |
72 | 20 |
Tests in general pathology (60 questions), part I, can achieve a maximum of overall 23% of assessment points, and test in systemic pathology (120 questions), part II, a maximum of 43% of assessment points.
Part I includes teaching content: L1 – L8, S1 – S8 and E1- E8, it will take place 25/11/2024.
Remedial test, part I: 27/01/2025.
Part II includes teaching content: L9 – L27, S9 – S27 and E9 – E34, it will take place 27/5/2025
Remedial test, part II: 10/6/2025.
Additional remedial test, part I or II: 24/6/2025.
B. Student seminar, with a maximum score of 4%, ie a minimum of 1% according to the table:
Rating Points | Points |
5 | 4 |
4 | 3 |
3 | 2 |
2 | 1 |
The grade is determined according to the student grading rule based on final success.
In addition to regular proficiency tests, remedial tests will be organized for each test (part I and part II) for those students who have failed to earn points (insufficient academic achievement or failure to attend the exam for justified reasons) and students who want to improve the number of points gained by passing regular partial courses, in which case the number of points earned on the remedial will be counted as the final result.
Students will have the option of additional written correction of part I or part II.
II. Final exam in Pathology (maximum 30% of marks):
Only students who have fulfilled the following requirements can take the final exam:
1. have duly completed the course
2. have achieved a minimum of 35% mark, ie 50% or more mark, out of the maximum 70% mark that could be obtained during the course through continuous monitoring and evaluation of students.
Students who have earned a total of 0 to 49.9% of grades during the course of all forms of knowledge assessment, which could be obtained during the course through continuous monitoring and evaluation of students, are graded F (unsuccessful), cannot earn ECTS credits and must re-enroll in the course.
The final exam is conducted in oral form and includes the examination of theoretical knowledge in general and systemic pathology and the recognition of micro and macro preparations.
Oral exam is divided into 3 parts
1st theoretical part: 2 questions general pathology and 3 questions from systemic pathology - the student must answer all 5 questions for sufficient grade (definition, classification and basics).
2nd part virtual microscopy - slides - the same principle - 2 slides from general pathology and 3 slides from systemic. Once again student need to know all 5 slides at least for grade 2 (sufficient), to be able to go further.
3rd atlas specimens: 2 images from general pathology and 3 images from systemic - same principle, all 5 images should be recognized, and student should know the theory behind that at least for grade 2 (sufficient).
Each of the three parts of the final exam (theory, macro, micro) can achieve a minimum of 5 to a maximum of 10 points.
Exam score | Points |
4,6 – 5,0 | 10 |
4,1 – 4,5 | 9 |
3,6 – 4,0 | 8 |
3,1 – 3,5 | 7 |
2,5 – 3,0 | 6 |
2,0 – 2,4 | 5 |
Students who do not pass the final oral exam must re-enroll in the pathology course, and if they have achieved a total of 50 or more points, they do not have to re-take the entire pathology course (attendance at lectures, seminars and exercises is not mandatory), but it is recommended that they do so. The points they collected in the written exams and the seminar are not transferred to the new academic year. This means that students that re-enroll in pathology course will have to take both written exams in order to earn points for the oral exam.
The final grade from the course is determined on the basis of the final success according to the table:
Total points | Final grade |
90 - 100% (A) | Excellent (5) |
75 - 89,9 % (B) | Very good (4) |
60 - 74,9% (C) | Good (3) |
50 - 59,9% (D) | Sufficient (2) |
The course contents and all course related information are available on the student web portals, Departments of General Pathology and Pathological Anatomy and Merlin 2021/2022 (srce.hr).
Learning outcomes
1. To introduce students to the pathology course.
2. To introduce students with the forms of teaching that are conducted at our department, explain their obligations and the method of examination and evaluation of their knowledge.
3. Brief overview and familiarization of students with the work of a clinical pathologist.
Learning outcomes
1. Define inflammation.
2. List the causes of inflammation.
3. Classify inflammation.
4. List and explain the components of the inflammatory reaction.
5. List and explain vascular and cellular changes in acute inflammation.
Learning outcomes
1. Define and classify chronic inflammation.
2. List the causes of chronic inflammation.
3. List and explain the cells and mediators of chronic inflammation.
4. Explain the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation.
5. Describe morphologic features of chronic inflammation.
Learning outcomes
1. Define edema, describe, and explain the mechanisms of edema formation and its clinical features.
2. Define hyperemia and congestion and explain pathogenesis.
3. Define thrombosis.
4. Be able to list the predisposing factors for the formation of thrombus, to list the different types of thrombi and their morphology.
5. Indicate and explain the fate of the thrombus and indicate possible clinical consequences.
6. Define an infarct, to classify infarcts, explain the etiopathogenesis, pathohistological and clinical features.
7. Define, classify, and explain different stages of shock. List and describe morphological and clinical features.
Learning outcomes
1. List, define and describe autoimmune diseases with examples of hypersensitivity reactions.
2. Explain the mechanism of rejection of transplants.
3. Define and classify amyloidosis, describe, and explain pathogenesis of amyloid deposition.
Learning outcomes
1. Define the term of neoplasms and histogenic classification of neoplasms
2. Describe the principles of nomenclature and classification of neoplasms based on macroscopic and histopathological structure.
3. Describe the typical features of benign and malignant neoplasms.
4. Describe growth patterns and types of tumor metastasis.
5. Explain the principles on which the clinical and histological grading of neoplasms is based.
Learning outcomes
1. Describe carcinogenesis as a multistep process.
2. Identify substances that can have a carcinogenic effect (chemical, physical, biological).
3. Identify viruses associated with carcinogenesis.
4. Analyze Viral Carcinogenesis Mechanisms on Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Example.
5. Explain the role of oncogenes in carcinogenesis.
6. Describe the role of tumor suppressor genes in carcinogenesis.
7. Describe the role of repair genes in the formation of neoplasms.
Learning outcomes
1. List and describe general principles of microbial pathogenesis.
2. Describe techniques for identifying infectious agents.
3. Explain routes of transmission and dissemination of microbes.
4. Explain and describe how microbes cause diseases with morphological patterns and tissue responses to microbes.
Learning outcomes
1. List and define main macroscopic and microscopic skin lesions.
2. Define, explain pathogenesis, and classify acute inflammatory dermatoses.
3. Describe main morphologic features of acute inflammatory dermatoses.
4.Define, explain pathogenesis, and classify chronic inflammatory dermatoses.
5. Describe main morphologic features of chronic inflammatory dermatoses.
6. Describe infectious dermatoses.
7. List blistering (bullous) skin disorders.
8. List and describe tumors of the skin.
Learning outcomes
1. Classify and define oral cavity diseases – inflammatory lesions, proliferative and neoplastic lesions and disesases of the salivary glands.
2. Classify and define diseases of the esophagus - developmental disorders, obstructive lesions and motor obstructions, inflammations, and tumors.
3.Classify and define stomach diseases - developmental disorders, inflammation (acute and chronic gastritis), chronic peptic ulcer and tumors.
Learning outcomes
1. List and descibre general features of liver diseases and clinical evaluation of liver diseases.
2. Define cirrhosis and list the causes of cirrhosis.
3. List and describe vascular liver diseases.
Learning outcomes
1. Classify and define diseases of the pancreas – congenital disorders, inflammations, and tumors.
Learning outcomes
1.Classify thyroid tumors.
2.Describe the clinical and pathohistological characteristics of benign and malignant thyroid tumors.
Learning outcomes
1.Describe the characteristics of the HPV virus and HPV infection.
2.Describe the etiology, risk factors and pathogenesis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasm.
3.Describe and explain the morphology and classification of cervical intraepithelial neoplasm, compare the old and new classification (CIN and SIL).
4.List the risk factors, classification, and clinical presentation of invasive cervical cancer.
Learning outcomes
1. Define and classify vasculitis, list the causes, and explain the pathogenesis of vasculitis.
2. To describe the characteristic morphological changes of giant cell (temporal) arteritis, Takayasu's arteritis, polyarteritis nodosa, hypersensitivity vasculitis and obliterating thrombangitis, with the indication of complications and the correlation with the clinical presentation.
3. Define and classify ANCA positive vasculitis and describe their morphological and clinical characteristics.
4. Define Kawasaki's and Raynaud's disease and describe their morphological and clinical characteristics.
Learning outcomes
1. Define and clinically classify heart failure, list the causes, and explain the pathogenesis of heart failure, describe macroscopic and microscopic organ changes during heart failure and their connection with the clinical picture.
2. Define and classify ischemic heart disease, list epidemiological data, risk factors and causes of ischemic heart disease.
Learning outcomes
1. Define and classify hypertensive heart disease, list the causes, morphological characteristics, and complications of systemic hypertensive heart disease, and relate them to the clinical picture.
2. List the causes, morphological characteristics and complications of pulmonary heart disease and relate them to the clinical picture.
3. State the etiological and pathophysiological classification of valve disease, their complications, and association with the clinical picture.
4. Define and classify endocarditis, list epidemiological data, risk factors, causes and explain pathogenesis, describe macroscopic and microscopic changes, list complications and their association with the clinical picture.
Learning outcomes
1. Define and classify glomerular and tubulointerstitial kidney diseases, understand and describe their pathogenesis and morphological characteristics.
2. List and describe the main clinical features of glomerular and tubulointerstitial kidney diseases.
3. Describe and explain the clinical importance of kidney biopsy in the treatment of nephrological patients.
Learning outcomes
1. Define atelectasis and list the types and characteristics of atelectasis.
2. Define and describe morphological characteristics of acute respiratory distress syndrome.
3. Define obstructive lung diseases and their main causes.
4. Define restrictive lung diseases and state the causes.
Learning outcomes
1. Define and classify lung tumors, provide epidemiological data, causes, explain the pathogenesis of the diseases.
2. Describe the gross and microscopic morphological features of the four major histologic types of lung cancer and relate morphology with the clinical presentation of the disease.
3. Describe and classify pleural lesions.
4. Describe and classify tumors of the upper respiratory tract.
Learning outcomes
1.List and describe risk factors for breast cancer.
2.Classify breast cancer and describe the types of non-invasive and invasive breast cancer.
3.List and describe the traditional morphological, predictive, prognostic factors of breast cancer.
4.List and describe the molecular prognostic and predictive factors of breast cancer.
5.List and describe breast stromal neoplasms.
Learning outcomes
1.Define and describe benign prostatic hyperplasia, list epidemiological data, known causes, and describe and recognize the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of benign prostatic hyperplasia, explain the connection between the initial localization of the disease within the gland and the clinical presentation and symptoms, list the complications.
2.Define prostate cancer, state epidemiological data, causes, and describe and recognize the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of prostate cancer, explain the connection between the initial location of the cancer within the gland and the clinical presentation.
Learning outcomes
1. Define bone diseases.
2. Compare primary and secondary bone neoplasms.
3. Define primary bone neoplasms.
4. State the characteristics of neoplasms regarding the patient's age, localization and radiological appearance of the tumor.
5. Describe the basic morphological characteristics of certain forms of bone neoplasms.
Learning outcomes
1. Define and classify cerebral edema, hydrocephalus and herniation list the causes, morphological characteristics, and possible complications.
2. Define and classify cerebrovascular diseases, list the causes, morphological characteristics, and complications.
3. Define, describe, and classify infections of the nervous syste; state epidemiological data, causes, and describe and recognize the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics.
Learning outcomes
1. Define malignant diseases of white blood cells.
2. Describe methods in the diagnosis of neoplasms of white blood cells.
3. Compare myeloproliferative neoplasms.
4. Define and state the differences between non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and Hodgkin's lymphomas.
Learning outcomes
1. Define external signs of death.
2. Describe the process of examination of the deceased and autopsy.
3. List the most common causes of death.
4. Define the types and role of autopsy.
Learning outcomes
1. Explain the importance of molecular diagnostics in pathology.
2. Define and explain the mechanisms of molecular-biological methods used in everyday clinical practice.
3. Give examples and explain the use of molecular-biological methods in everyday clinical practice.
Learning outcomes
Atrophia cyanotica hepatis
Hypertrophia myocardii
Hyperplasia glandularis prostatae
Metaplasia squamosa
Metamorphosis adiposa hepatis
Anthracosis pulmonis
Haemochromatosis
Infarctus myocardii recens
Encephalomalatia
Tuberculosis caseosa pulmonis
Microcalcificationes placentae
Infarctus anaemicus placentae
Steatonecrosis
Learning outcomes
Pericarditis fibrinosa
Pneumonia abcedens et pleuritis fibrinosa
Appendicitis suppurativa phlegmonosa
Granulationes
Sialoadenitis chronica suppurativa
Sarcoidosis lymphonodi
Granuloma corporis alieni
Lymphadenitis granulomatosa – cat-scratch disease
Learning outcomes
Cyanosis et oedema pulmonum
Induratio cyanotica pulmonum
Necrosis haemorrhagica centralis hepatis
Learning outcomes
Thromboembolia arteriae pulmonalis cum infarctus haemorrhagicus pulmonis
Embolia adiposa pulmonis
Infarctus anaemicus renis
Learning outcomes
Student seminar:
Students will be divided into work groups and should choose 1 of the 4 assigned topics to cover:
Topic 1 – Genetic diseases
Topic 2 – Pediatric diseases
Topic 3 - Environmental diseases (Toxicity, environmental pollution, effects of tobacco, alcohol and drugs, injury by physical agents)
Topic 4 - Nutritional diseases.
The topic is presented in an exercise with a .ppt, where all students of the group participate in the preparation, and one of them presents orally.
Learning outcomes
Papilloma
Cystadenoma serosum ovarii
Teratoma
Adenoma pleomorphe
Desmoplastic cancer (carcinoma scirrhosum)
Carcinoma anaplasticum
Adenocarcinoma
Learning outcomes
Leiomyoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Morbus Bowen
Adenocarcinoma metastaticum lymphonodi
Adenocarcinoma metastaticum hepatis
Lymphangiosis carcinomatosa
Learning outcomes
Amyloidosis renis
Amyloidosis hepatis
Tophi urici
Pneumonia necrotisans et granulomata corporis alieni
Asbestosis et anthracosis pulmonis
General pathology slides overview
Learning outcomes
Keratosis seborrhoica
Carcinoma planocellulare corneum
Pilomatrixoma
Naevus compositus
Melanoma malignum
Learning outcomes
Ulcus ventriculi chronicum
Carcinoma ventriculi (intestinal type)
Carcinoma ventriculi (diffuse type)
Gastritis chronica
Morbus Crohn
Adenocarcinoma colonis
Adenoma tubulovillosum colonis
Carcinoides colonis (NET grade 1)
Learning outcomes
Hepatitis chronica
Cirrhosis hepatis
Carcinoma hepatocellulare
Cholecystitis chronica
Adenocarcinoma vesicae felleae
Echinococcus hepatis
Learning outcomes
Struma colloides glandulae thyreoideae
Carcinoma papillare glandulae thyreoideae
Carcinoma folliculare glandulae thyreoideae
Carcinoma medullare glandulae thyreoideae
Carcinoma anaplasticum glandulae thyroideae
Pheochromocytoma
Learning outcomes
CIN 3 (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3)
Hyperplasia simplex endometrii
Adenocarcinoma endometrii
Adenomyosis
Endometriosis intestini crassi
Learning outcomes
Tumor serosum atypicum proliferans ovarii
Adenocarcinoma serosum ovarii
Carcinoma metastaticum ovarii
Graviditas tubaria
Mola hydatidosa completa
Learning outcomes
Glomerulonephritis mesangioproliferativa
Glomerulonephritis membranosa
Glomerulonephritis chronica sclerotisans (terminalis)
Glomerulosclerosis nodularis diabetica
Learning outcomes
Pyelonephritis chronica
Carcinoma renis (clear cell)
Carcinoma transitiocellulare papillare vesicae urinariae low grade
Neinvazivna papilarna neoplazma niskog malignog potencijala mokraćnog mjehura
Carcinoma transitiocellulare nonpapillare visokog stupnja - pT2
Learning outcomes
Cyanosis et oedema pulmonum
Thromboembolia arteriae pulmonalis cum infarctus haemorrhagicus pulmonis
Membranae hyalinae pulmonum
Bronchiectasiae et bronchitis chronica suppurativa
Bronchopneumonia
Tuberculosis miliaris pulmonis
Aspergillosis pulmonis
Learning outcomes
Carcinoma planocellulare bronchi
Carcinoma microcellulare bronchi
Adenocarcinoma pulmonis
Learning outcomes
Mastitis
Mastopathia fibrosa cystica
Fibroadenoma
Carcinoma ductale invasivum mammae
Carcinoma lobulare invasivum mammae
Carcinoma medullare mammae
Morbus Paget mammae
Learning outcomes
Hyperplasia glandularis prostatae
Adenocarcinoma prostatae
Orchitis chronica suppurativa
Seminoma
Mixed germ cell tumor of the testis (embryonal and choricarcinoma)
Mixed germ cell tumor of the testis (seminoma and embryonal) karcinom
Learning outcomes
SDH (haematoma subdurale)
Haematoma intracerebrale
Abscessus cerebri et vasculitis
Abscessus metastatici cerebri
Encephalitis
Aspergillosis cerebri
Pyocephalus
Leptomeningitis acuta suppurativa
Lymphoma cerebri
Oligodendroglioma
Glioblastoma
Meningeoma
Neurinoma
Ganglioneuroma
Neurofibroma
Angioma
Learning outcomes
Leukaemia lymphatica hepatis
Leukaemia myeloica chronica
Myeloma multiplex
Lymphadenitis follicularis
Lymphoma non-Hodgkin (follicular lymphoma)
Lymphoma non-Hodgkin (DLBCL)
Lymphoma Hodgkin (mixed cellularity)
Lymphoma Hodgkin (nodular sclerosis)
Learning outcomes
Acute myeloid leukemia - bone marrow punctate
High-grade lymphoma - FNA
Hodgkin's lymphoma - FNA
Metastatic melanoma - FNA
Papillary thyroid carcinoma - FNA
Breast fibroadenoma - FNA
Breast cancer - FNA
Pleomorphic salivary gland adenoma - FNA
Pancreatic cancer - FNA
Non-small cell lung cancer - bronchoscopic sample
Small cell lung cancer - bronchoscopic sample
High-grade urothelial carcinoma - urine
Mesothelioma - pleural effusion
High-grade serous carcinoma - ascites
Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions - cervical cytology (Pap test)
High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions - cervical cytology (Pap test)
Learning outcomes
- List the causes of cell damage.
- State and describe the forms of cellular adaptation - atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia.
- Define the role of apoptosis in physiological and pathological conditions.
- Morphologically classify forms of cell damage (reversible and irreversible).
- Describe and explain the mechanisms of acute and chronic reversible damage.
- Define irreversible cell damage from apoptosis, necrosis, calcification, senescence, and death.
Learning outcomes
- Define and classify inflammation.
- List and explain the etiological factors of inflammation.
- List the components of the inflammatory process, especially cells, explain the role of blood vessels and surrounding tissue.
- Classify mediators, i.e. chemical mediators of inflammation.
- Describe the vascular and cellular phases of inflammation.
- Explain the difference between exudate and transudate.
- List and explain local and systemic signs of inflammation.
- List, define and describe morphologic patterns of acute inflammation.
Learning outcomes
- State and explain the outcomes of acute inflammation (healing, resolution, regeneration, reparation, persistence, and relapse).
- Differentiate between the terms labile, stable and permanent cells.
- List and explain the steps in the formation of a scar.
- Define and explain the terms: granulation tissue, scar, and fibrosis.
- Explain the difference between healing by first intention and healing by second intention.
- State and explain the complications of wound healing.
- Define and classify chronic inflammation, explain pathogenesis.
- Define granulomatous inflammation and list and describe its morphological forms.
Learning outcomes
- Define edema, describe, and explain the mechanisms of edema formation and its clinical features.
- Define hyperemia and congestion and explain pathogenesis.
- Define thrombosis.
- Be able to list the predisposing factors for the formation of thrombus, to list the different types of thrombi and their morphology.
- Indicate and explain the fate of the thrombus and indicate possible clinical consequences.
- Define the term disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), list the clinical disorders associated with DIC, explain the mechanisms of occurrence, pathohistological and clinical features.
- Define embolism, explain the etiopathogenesis and morphological features of individual embolus, and state the clinical correlation.
- Define an infarct, to classify infarcts, explain the etiopathogenesis, pathohistological and clinical features.
- Define, classify, and explain different stages of shock. List and describe morphological and clinical features.
Learning outcomes
- List hypersensitivity reactions, give examples.
- Explain the mechanism of transplantation reaction.
- Classify immunodeficiency conditions.
- Define autoimmune diseases and list the most important features of systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, systemic sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis.
- Explain the mechanism of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, describe the morphological changes in individual organ systems and the clinical features.
- Define, classify, and describe amyloidosis.
Learning outcomes
- Describe and explain the typical characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms.
- Describe the principles of nomenclature and classification of neoplasms based on macroscopic and histological images.
- Describe the patterns of growth and spread of neoplasms.
- Explain the principles on which the clinical grading of neoplasms is based.
- Differentiate the degree and stage of the disease.
Learning outcomes
- Describe carcinogenesis as a multistep process.
- Identify substances that can have a carcinogenic effect (chemical, physical, biological).
- Identify viruses associated with carcinogenesis.
- Analyze Viral Carcinogenesis Mechanisms on Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Example.
- Explain the role of oncogenes in carcinogenesis.
- Describe the role of tumor suppressor genes in carcinogenesis.
- Describe the role of repair genes in the formation of neoplasms.
Learning outcomes
- List and describe general principles of microbial pathogenesis.
- Describe techniques for identifying infectious agents.
- Explain routes of transmission and dissemination of microbes.
- Explain and describe how microbes cause diseases with morphological patterns and tissue responses to microbes.
- Explain and describe immune evasion by microbes.
- Explain and describe the spectrum of inflammatory responses to infection.
Learning outcomes
- Define, explain pathogenesis, and classify acute inflammatory dermatoses.
- Describe main morphologic features of acute inflammatory dermatoses.
- Define, explain pathogenesis, and classify chronic inflammatory dermatoses.
- Describe main morphologic features of chronic inflammatory dermatoses.
- Describe main morphologic features of infectious dermatoses.
- List and describe blistering (bullous) skin disorders.
- Describe the morphological characteristics of benign and malignant epithelial tumors of the skin.
- List and describe the main morphological characteristics of pigmented skin lesions.
- Classify pigment lesions and differentiate them from potentially malignant pigment tumors.
- List metastatic tumors in the skin.
Learning outcomes
- Classify and describe diseases of the stomach.
- Define and classify chronic gastritis, list the causes of the disease, describe, and identify macroscopic and microscopic morphological characteristics of chronic gastritis, explain the complications.
- Classify and describe gastric polyps and gastric tumors.
- Classify and describe diseases of the small and large intestines - developmental and genetic disorders, vascular intestinal diseases, diverticula and obstructions, inflammatory bowel diseases and neoplasms.
- Define acute appendicitis and list epidemiological characteristics, clinical presentation and differential diagnosis, describe the morphological characteristics acute appendicitis.
- Define and classify tumors of appendix.
Learning outcomes
- Define and classify viral hepatitis.
- List toxic liver damage (alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver damage).
- List, classify and distinguish immune liver diseases - primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis)
- List and describe metabolic diseases of the liver.
- List the types of focal lesions of the liver.
- Enumerate, classify, and describe tumors and related lesions of the liver.
- List and describe diseases of the gallbladder and bile ducts (stones, inflammations, tumors).
Learning outcomes
- Define and classify diabetes mellitus, list the causes of the disease, and describe pathogenesis.
- List and explain acute metabolic complications of diabetes.
- List and describe chronic complications of diabetes, explain pathogenesis, describe the most important morphologic changes related to the late complications of diabetes.
- Define and classify pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
Learning outcomes
- Enumerate and describe disorders of the function of the endocrine glands - pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland.
- Enumerate and describe disorders of thyroid gland development and their clinical significance.
- List and explain the causes and clinical features of thyrotoxicosis, hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism.
- Explain goitre and describe the morphological characteristics.
- List and describe thyroiditis.
- Enumerate and describe tumors of the cortex and medulla of the adrenal gland and their clinical features.
- Explain multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes (MEN).
Learning outcomes
- List and describe inflammatory diseases of the female reproductive system.
- List, define, and describe neoplasms of the vulva and vagina.
- Define and describe the main morphological features of endometriosis.
- List and describe causes of abnormal uterine bleeding.
- List, classify, and describe endometrial preneoplastic changes and endometrial cancer.
- Classify and describe mesenchymal tumors of the uterine body.
- List, classify, and describe ovarian and fallopian tube neoplasms.
- Name and describe gestational trophoblastic diseases.
Learning outcomes
- Define, classify, and describe arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis.
- Define medial sclerosis, arteriolosclerosis and fibromuscular intimal hyperplasia and describe their microscopic morphological characteristics.
- Define, classify, and describe aneurysms and dissections.
- Define varicosities, phlebothrombosis and thrombophlebitis.
- Define and classify lymphedema and lymphangitis.
- Define and classify blood vessel tumors.
- State and describe the pathological changes that occur due to therapeutic procedures in blood vessel diseases.
Learning outcomes
- Define and classify heart failure, list the causes, and explain the pathogenesis of heart failure, describe the morphological changes of organs in heart failure, and relate them to the clinical picture of heart failure.
- Define and classify congenital heart defects, list epidemiological data and known causes, risk factors, describe the morphological characteristics of congenital heart defects, and relate them to the clinical picture.
- Define and classify ischemic heart disease, provide epidemiological information and known causes and risk factors for ischemic heart disease.
- Define and classify angina pectoris, list the causes, and describe the morphological and clinical characteristics of angina.
- Define and classify myocardial infarction, list the causes of myocardial infarction, describe, and identify macroscopic and microscopic morphological characteristics of myocardial infarction, explain the association of coronary thrombosis site and infarct localization, describe, identify, and explain the complications of infarction and clinical picture.
- Define chronic ischemic heart disease and sudden cardiac death and list their epidemiological characteristics, causes and clinical picture, describe the morphological characteristics of chronic ischemic heart disease.
- Define rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, list epidemiological data, causes and explain pathogenesis, describe their morphological macroscopic and microscopic changes, state complications and their correlation with the clinical picture.
Learning outcomes
- Define and classify hypertensive heart disease, list the causes, morphological characteristics and
- complications of systemic hypertensive heart disease and relate them to the clinical picture.
- List the causes, morphological characteristics, and complications of pulmonary heart disease and
relate them with the clinical presentation.
- State the etiological and pathophysiological classification of valve disease, their complications, and association with the clinical presentation.
- Define aortic aortic stenosis, mitral stenosis, and mitral valve prolapse, indicate their epidemiological characteristics, explain pathogenesis, describe morphological characteristics, and relate them to the clinical presentation.
- Define and classify endocarditis, list epidemiological data, risk factors, causes and explain pathogenesis, describe macroscopic and microscopic changes, list complications and their association with the clinical picture.
- Define and classify cardiomyopathies and myocarditis, list the causes, describe the morphological changes and the clinical features of myocarditis and cardiomyopathy.
- Define and classify pericardial effusions and pericarditis, list causes and describe morphological changes and clinical features of pericardial effusions and pericarditis.
- Classify heart tumors, provide epidemiological data for heart tumors.
Learning outcomes
- Define and explain clinical manifestations of renal diseases.
- Define, classify, and explain the most common developmental disorders of the kidneys and urinary tract.
- Define, classify, and explain glomerular disease.
- Define, classify, and explain tubulointerstitial inflammation of the kidneys.
- Define, classify, and explain cystic diseases of the kidney.
- Define, classify, and explain diseases involving renal blood vessels.
- Define and describe urinary outflow obstruction.
- Classify and describe kidney tumors.
Learning outcomes
- List and describe congenital lung anomalies.
- Define atelectasis and list the types and characteristics of atelectasis.
- Define obstructive lung diseases and their main causes.
- Define restrictive lung diseases and state the causes.
- Enumerate, define, and describe pulmonary diseases of vascular origin - edema, pulmonary embolism, hemmoraghe and infarction, pulmonary hypertension, diffuse alveolar damage.
Learning outcomes
1. List, define and describe the most important pulmonary infections.
2. State lung diseases of autoimmune origin.
3. Define and classify lung tumors, provide epidemiological data, causes, explain the pathogenesis of the diseases.
4. Describe the gross and microscopic morphological features of the four major histologic types of lung cancer and relate morphology with the clinical presentation of the disease.
5. Describe and classify pleural lesions.
6. Describe and classify inflammation and tumors of the upper respiratory tract.
Learning outcomes
- Explain clinical presentation of breast disease.
- List and describe breast inflammation (etiology, epidemiology, pathology, and clinical presentation).
- List and describe benign epithelial lesions of the breast (epidemiology, etiology and pathogenesis, pathology, clinical features).
- List and describe risk factors for breast cancer.
- Classify breast cancer and describe the types of non-invasive and invasive breast cancer.
- List and describe the traditional morphological, predictive, prognostic factors of breast cancer.
- List and describe the molecular prognostic and predictive factors of breast cancer.
- List and describe breast stromal neoplasms.
- Describe gynecomastia and state the most important causes.
- Describe male breast cancer and its clinical characteristics.
Learning outcomes
- Define and classify the most common developmental disorders of the male genital organs.
- Define, classify, and describe inflammatory diseases of the male genital organs.
- Classify penile tumors, describe, and recognize macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, explain the clinical features.
- Define and classify circulatory disorders of the male genital organs.
- Classify testicular tumors, describe, and recognize macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, explain the clinical features.
- Enumerate and describe inflammatory disorders of the urethra and urinary bladder.
- Define and classify urinary bladder neoplasms, provide epidemiological information and known causes and risk factors for this disease.
- Describe the morphological and clinical characteristics of urinary bladder neoplasms.
Learning outcomes
- List and describe congenital disorders of bone and cartilage.
- List and describe metabolic disorders of the bone
- Explain the etiology and pathogenesis and describe the pathology and clinical features of osteonecrosis.
- State the etiology and pathology and describe the pathology and clinical presentation of osteomyelitis.
- State the etiology of bone fractures and describe their pathogenesis and clinical presentation.
- Classify bone tumors and tumor like lesions, indicate their epidemiology and etiology, morphology, and describe the clinical presentation.
- Describe inflammatory and degenerative joint diseases.
- Define crystal deposition diseases in the joints.
- List and describe tumors and tumor-like changes that occur in the joints.
- Define the term soft tissue tumor. List, classify and describe types of soft tissue tumors.
Learning outcomes
- List and describe the basic pathological changes of the central nervous system.
- Explain the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of general and local ischemia.
- To explain the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of intracranial hemorrhage.
- Define classify and describe neurodegenerative diseases.
- List and classify CNS tumors, provide epidemiological information and the most important clinical features.
- Define and describe the basic morphological features of glial and non-glial tumors.
- Explain their clinical significance in relation to prognostic and predictive diagnostic methods.
- Define and describe familial tumor syndromes with an increased risk for CNS tumors.
Learning outcomes
- Describe the basic characteristics of peripheral blood, bone marrow and the normal structure of the lymph node and spleen.
- Define anemia, state epidemiological information, and explain morphological and etiological classification.
- Name and describe bleeding disorders.
- Definy classify and describe neoplastic proliferations of white blood cells.
- Classify non-Hodgkin's lymphomas into neoplasms of mature B and T lymphocytes.
- To describe the most common indolent lymphomas of mature B cells.
- Describe the most common aggressive lymphomas of mature B cells.
- Describe plasma cell neoplasms and similar diseases.
- State the basic characteristics of T lymphocyte lymphoma and describe the most common forms.
- Describe the basic characteristics of Hodgkin's lymphoma and classify it.
- State the basic characteristics of nodular lymphocytic predominance of Hodgkin's lymphoma.
- State the basic characteristics of individual forms of classic Hodgkin's lymphoma: nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, lymphocyte depletion and lymphocyte-rich.
- Describe neoplasms of histiocytes and dendritic cells.
Learning outcomes
- List and describe types of tissue samples.
- Define the term intraoperative biopsy.
- List and describe the work protocol in the pathohistology laboratory.
- List the types of laboratories used in pathology work, with their specificities.
Learning outcomes
- Explain the importance of molecular diagnostics in pathology.
- Define and explain the mechanisms of PCR, reverse transcription PCR, real time PCR.
- Explain the difference between PCR, reverse transcription PCR and real time PCR.
- Define in situ hybridization and why it is used.
- Define sequencing and why it is used.
- Enumerate and give examples of solid tumors in which molecular diagnostics is an indispensable part of the modern clinical treatment of patients and explain why.
- Enumerate the molecular-biological methods used in pathological diagnosis.
- Give examples and explain the use of molecular-biological methods for the purpose of confirming the diagnosis.
- Give examples and explain the use of molecular-biological methods in assessing the prognosis and biological behavior of neoplasms.
- List the applications and explain the use of molecular-biological methods in the assessment of minimal residual disease.
- List applications and explain the use of molecular-biological methods in determining hereditary predisposition to malignant neoplasms.
- List applications and explain the use of molecular-biological methods in determining predictive markers and response to therapy.
| Academic year | |
|---|---|
| 2024/2025 | [Download] |