Medical history Basic principles of the communication with parents and/or a sick child medical history taking Identification of the data provider; Main complaint; Current illness History Family history Short summary of medical history of growth and development; Immunizations; Past medical history

Physical examination Assessment of the general condition; Assessment of the vital functions Consciousness Breathing Circulation; Body temperature Blood pressure measurement Pulse palpation Examination of the skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue Bone age assessment

Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures Collection of nasal and throat swabs Peripheral intravenous line placement Administration of intramuscular and subcutaneous injections Interpretation of blood count and biochemical findings Urinalysis Basic interpretation of electrocardiograms Interpretation of X-rays of the thoracic organs, paranasal sinuses and abdomen Ultrasound examination of the brain, heart, lungs and abdomen (observation) Physical methods for treating fever in children and antipyretics Acute management of seizures Management of acute asthma Initial evaluation and management of poisonings Treatment of a child with hypoglycemia Assessment and management of diabetic ketoacidosis Management of anaphylaxis Rational use of antibiotics in children

Growth and development Assessment of physical growth and development Anthropometric measurements (body weight, body length/height, head circumference), clinical assessment of development and distribution of subcutaneous adipose tissue, assessment of primary and secondary dentition, assessment of pubertal development (according to Tanner criteria, assessment of bone maturity) Comparison of measured values with standards for healthy children of the same age and sex. Interpretation of growth charts, calculation of body mass index, prediction of final body height. Basic diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in children with growth and developmental disorders: short stature, high stature, premature puberty, delayed puberty, malnutrition, obesity, hirsutism

Nutrition and eating disorders Feeding of infant, preschool and school-age child Breastfeeding (characteristics of breast milk, advantages of breastfeeding, difficulties in breastfeeding) Formula feeding Introducing solid foods Infantile colic Acquiring eating habits Balanced diet for preschool and school-age child Prevention of vitamin D and iron deficiency Feeding of adolescent and eating disorders Anorexia nervosa Bulimia Weight disorders Malnutrition Overweight and obesity Vitamin and mineral disorders Rickets Tetany

Fluid, electrolyte and acid-base disorders Daily requirements of fluid and electrolytes Pathological fluid losses Clinical signs of dehydration Treatment of dehydration - oral and intravenous rehydration Sodium disorders: hyponatremia, hypernatremia Potassium disorders: hypokalemia, hyperkalemia Acid-base/osmolar gap disturbances Metabolic acidosis – etiology, pathophysiology, treatmen

Clinical approach to children with inborn errors of metabolism Clinical manifestations of metabolic diseases Pathognomonic clinical findings associated with inborn errors of metabolism Laboratory findings suggestive for inherited metabolic diseases Initial laboratory investigation and specific tests/selective screening Newborn screening Principles of the treatment Psychosocial aspects

Clinical approach to children with genetic malformations Family pedigree Family history and physical examination in genetics Significance of early diagnosis of genetic anomalies Indications for prenatal genetic testing Cytogenetic analysis and molecular genetics The most common clinical disorders due to chromosomal and gonosomal abnormalities Genetic counselling

Neonatology Physical examination of the newborn infant Initial care in the delivery room Resuscitation of the newborn APGAR score Assessment of gestational age Assessment of respiratory disorders Body characteristics of the newborn: the cranium, fontanels, measurement of body weight, length and head circumference General appearance, crying characteristics, skin color and skin changes, pathological signs: jaundice, cyanosis, bleeding, skin infections, umbilical infections, mastitis Examination of the oral cavity Chest: Auscultation of the lungs, normal and pathological sounds Auscultation of the heart, pulse and blood pressure measurement Palpation of the abdomen, size of the liver and spleen, auscultation of bowel sounds, flatulence External genitalia of female/male term and preterm newborn Examination of the hips Neurological examination of the newborn: normal and pathological position, spontaneous movements, active and passive tone, neonatal primitive reflexes Care of the newborn infant Care of the skin and umbilical cord Maintaining a normal body temperature Breastfeeding Formula feeding Normal and pathological stool Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures Blood and urine sampling Indications and principles of the phototherapy and exchange transfusion Central venous catheter placement (umbilical catheter, PICC catheter) Intubation of the newborn Basic principles of oxygen therapy Non-invasive respiratory support Mechanical ventilation Cerebral function monitoring (CFM) Therapeutic hypothermia Neonatal screening (metabolic diseases, hearing screening, screening for critical congenital heart defects). The most common pathological conditions in neonatology (tachypnea, dyspnea, jaundice, infections, perinatal asphyxia, congenital heart defects, birth injuries)

Pediatric pulmonology Propedeutics: Examination of the nose, oral cavity, pharynx, tonsils and external auditory canal Airway patency Auscultation and percussion of the lungs Normal respiratory rates by age Symptoms of respiratory failure Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures: Indications for the chest X-ray Pulmonary function tests Blood gas analysis Indications for oxygen supplementation Tuberculin sensitivity (PPD) test – procedure and interpretation The most common pathological conditions and diseases in pediatric pulmonology (acute upper respiratory tract infections, pneumonia, asthma, cystic fibrosis, airway foreign bodies)

Pediatric cardiology Propedeutics: Specific signs and symptoms Inspection, palpation, auscultation; palpation of peripheral pulses Normal heart rate by age Blood pressure measurement Observation of external signs: cyanosis, venous pulsations, heart hump Interpretation of chest X-rays Standard values and characteristics of electrocardiographic findings in children The most common pathological conditions and diseases in pediatric cardiology Hemodynamics in congenital heart diseases Basic features of cyanotic congenital heart diseases Basic features of acyanotic congenital heart diseases Cyanotic spells and management The most common disturbances of heart rate and rhythm Heart failure: signs, symptoms, diagnosis and therapy

Immunity and immunodeficiencies Clinical features of the child with immunodeficiency Basic laboratory evaluation of the child with immunodeficiency Principles of treatment Secondary immunodeficiencies Infections in patients with impaired immunity

Pediatric allergology: Diagnostic testing Principles of treatment of allergic diseases Prevention of allergic diseases The most common pathological conditions and diseases in pediatric allergology (atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, urticaria, angioedema, food allergy, drug allergy)

Pediatric rheumatology Common clinical features of rheumatic diseases in children Diagnostic approach Principles of treatment the most common pathological conditions and diseases in pediatric rheumatology (rheumatic fever, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, vasculitis)

Pediatric gastroenterology Propedeutics Inspection of the abdomen, abdominal topography Superficial and deep palpation of the abdomen Percussion of the abdomen: liver, spleen, lumbar percussion Palpation of the liver and spleen Auscultation of the abdomen (peristalsis and vascular murmurs) Abdominal masses, hernias, flatulence, ascites Diagnostic procedures Stool sample collection Preparing the child for endoscopic examinations Digital rectal exam Enema administration The most common digestive system pathologies (gastroesophageal reflux, gastritis and peptic ulcer, foreign body ingestion, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease)

Pediatric endocrinology Basic diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in children with growth and developmental disorders: short stature, tall stature, premature puberty, delayed puberty, gynecomastia, malnutrition, obesity, hirsutism Diabetes mellitus: Diagnosis: history, physical examination (especially assessment of vital functions and hydration), blood glucose testing using test strips and blood glucose meter, measurement of glucose and ketone concentrations in urine using test strips, acid-base and electrolyte analysis. Basic principles of therapy and monitoring of patients: blood glucose monitoring, nutrition and physical activity of the child with diabetes, principles of insulin therapy, basic characteristics of human insulin preparations and insulin analogues, basic principles of insulin pump therapy, treatment of acute complications (hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis) Disorders of the thyroid gland and adrenal glands Diagnosis and principles of treatment of thyroid diseases. Assessment of adrenocortical function. The most common pathological conditions (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, adrenocortical insufficiency, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Cushing syndrome)

Pediatric nephrology Propedeutics: Palpation of the kidneys and bladder, examination of external genitalia Urine collection for routine and microbiological examination Urinalysis Renal function tests Symptoms and signs of kidney and urinary tract diseases: edema, hypertension, oliguria, polyuria, hematuria, proteinuria The most common pathological conditions and diseases of the urinary tract (urinary tract infection, urinary tract abnormalities, vesicoureteral reflux, acute glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, urolithiasis, acute renal injury

Pediatric hematology and oncology Propedeutics: Carefully obtained history for iron deficiency anemia, hemolytic anemia, lymphadenopathy and bleeding diathesis Clinical features of blood disorders (pallor, jaundice, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy) Laboratory findings of blood disorders (normal and pathological values of complete blood count, morphological changes of red blood cells, fetal hemoglobin, serum iron, ferritin, bilirubin and haptoglobin) Differential diagnosis of anemia. Palpation and description of lymph nodes, liver and spleen Differential diagnosis of enlarged lymph node Types of bleeding and association with bleeding disorders Diagnostic procedures: Peripheral blood smear. Basic interpretation of complete blood count and age-dependent changes in childhood Interpretation of coagulation test results Lymph node puncture, lumbar puncture, bone marrow aspiration (only observation) Transfusion therapy Indications for red blood cell transfusions and platelet transfusions Principles of blood component transfusions Risks of blood transfusions The most common diseases of blood, hematopoietic organs and solid tumors in children (iron deficiency anemia, hemolytic anemia, hereditary disorders of hemostasis, thrombocytopenia, acquired neutropenia, leukemia, lymphoma, solid malignant tumors) Principles of antitumor therapy Supportive therapy: Psychological approach to the child with malignant disease and the family

Pediatric neurology Propedeutics: History in neurology Developmental assessment (from 2 months to 2 years) observation (spontaneous movements, behavior) assessment of gross and fine motor skills postural reactions and muscle tone, primitive reflexes, tendon reflexes, sensory functions social contact Neurologic examination of preschool and school-age children: Inspection, assessment of the mental state, cranial nerves, motor examination. Coordination, sensory functions, tendon reflexes, gait, meningeal signs, cognitive functions. Examination of the head and face (head circumference, fontanels, cranial sutures/dyscrania, dysmorphia). Examination of the spine (deformities, anomalies). Diagnostic procedures: Neurophysiological procedures (EEG, evoked potentials, electromyography) Neuroradiologic procedures (cranial ultrasonography, CT, MR) Lumbar puncture: indications, technique interpretation of the cerebrospinal fluid findings The most common pathological conditions and diseases of the nervous system and muscles (headaches, cerebral palsy, epilepsy and epileptic syndromes, neurocutaneous syndromes, neuromuscular disorders, facial palsy)

The acutely ill child; Recognition of life-threatening conditions Basic life support; Advanced life support Intubation Vascular access / Intraosseous administration of drugs. Post-resuscitation care

Examination of pediatric patients

Practicals with different paediatric cases

Practicals with different paediatric cases

Practicals with different paediatric cases

Practicals with different paediatric cases

To list all parts of the pediatric history. List all the questions that are needed in taking a pediatric history

Describe the sequence and procedure of clinical examination of pediatric patients. Understand the specifics of the physical examination of an infant and a young child

At the end of this teaching unit the student will be able to describe the algorithm of procedures in basic life support in children and show on the manikins the airway opening maneuvers and the cardiac compressions point

To list and explain the causes of short and tall stature.

To define high fever in children. To list the causes and pathophysiology of fever. Describe the treatment of high fever.

Define cough. Classify the types of coughs. List the most common causes of acute and chronic cough depending on the age of the child. Apply targeted anamnestic questions to discover the cause of cough. List the initial diagnostic test s in a child who coughs. Specify targeted tests to detect the cause of cough. Recognize the clinical features of cough caused by a serious underly ing chronic lung disease. Discuss the principles of cough treatment.

To diagnose and manage a neonate having respiratory distress

Define, diagnose and manage a child with birth asphyxia.

To define, diagnose and manage neonatal jaundice

Define, diagnose and manage neonatal sepsis and other infections in neonates.

To define premature infants according to gestational age. To describe the care of premature infant in delivery room. To list the complications of prematurity.

Recognize and distinguish between the clinical features of viral, bacterial and atypical community-acquired pneumonia in children. Choose laboratory and imaging tests in the diagnosis of pneumonia. Explain the principles of empiric a ntimicrobial therapy of pneumonia. Identify indications for hospital treatment of pneumonia. Recognize and compare the clinical features of successful and unsuccessful treatment of pneumonia.

Recognize the clinical presentation of pulmonary tuberculosis in children. To describe the spectrum of clinical presentations of pulmonary tuberculosis in children. Analyze and evaluate the results of laboratory and imaging tests in pulmonary tuberculosis. Explain the microbiological diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Define latent tuberculosi s. Distinguish between antimicrobial treatment of active and latent tuberculosis in children.

Recognize the symptoms and signs of serious airway obstruction in children. Differentiate the clinical presentation between extrathoracic and intrathoracic airway obstruction. Recognize inflammatory airway obstructions typical of infants and young children. Differentiate the clinical presentation between subglottic and supraglottic airway obstruction. To compare the pharmacotherapeutic approach between viral croup and bronchiolitis

Recognize the clinical presentation of childhood asthma. Choose diagnostic tests in a child with suspected asthma. Analyze the results of spirometric measurement of lung function. Choose anti-inflammatory therapy for chronic asthmatic inflammation. List the drugs and determine the dosages and choose the method of their application in the treatment of acute asthmatic exacerbation . Recognize the indications for hospital treatment of an acute asthmatic attack.

 Recognize suspicion of aspiration of a foreign body in a child. List and explain the stages of clinical presentation in acute aspiration of a foreign body. Recognize pathological signs on X-ray images of chest organs in case of aspiration of a foreign body. To assess the indication for bronchoscopy in a child with suspected foreign body aspiration. List the most common foreign bod ies that children aspirate. Identify measures to prevent aspiration of a foreign body.

Recognize the clinical presentation of cystic fibrosis in infants and young children. Differentiate the clinical presentation of cystic fibrosis from other chronic lung and digestive diseases. Apply diagnostic criteria in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. To correlate genotype and phenotype in patients with cystic fibrosis. Explain the basic principles of cystic fibrosis treatment. Choose a possible CFTR modulator according to the patient's CFTR genotype.

To define central and peripheral cyanosis. To list the causes of cyanosis. To explain the diagnostic approach in child with cyanosis.

To list the causes of chest pain in children. To explain life threatening conditions related to chest pain. To describe the diagnostic approach in chest pain in children

To define the most common congenital heart defect. To define cyanotic and non-cyanotic heart defect. To understand the hemodynamics of congenital heart defect. To explain the ductal dependent heart defects and to understand the treatment options.

To define heart failure and to explain the etiology and pathophysiology. To recognize the clinical signs of heart failure in children. To explain the therapeutic approach of heart failure.

To define the normal heart rate in children according to age. To explain the etiology, clinical signs and treatment of supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia. To explain the etiology and treatment of bradycardia in children.

To describe the components of hemostasis. To explain to pathophysiology of most common coagulation disorders. To explain the causes, diagnosis and treatment of immune thrombocytopenia.

To define lymphadenopathy and diagnostic approach in children with an enlarged lymph node. To describe etiology, diagnostic approach and treatment of localized and generalized lymphadenopathy

To list the most common malignant diseases in children. To describe clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of acute leukemia. To describe clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of brain tumors, lymphomas, neuroblastoma and nephroblastoma

To list the most common emergencies in pediatric oncology. To define the pathophysiology and treatment of tumor lysis syndrome. To define and manage hyperleukocytosis. To define and manage superior vena cava syndrome.

Recognize the clinical presentation of urticaria and Quincke's edema in a child. Describe the morphology of skin efflorescences in urticaria. Recognize the most common causes of acute and chronic spontaneous urticaria. Choose diagnostic t ests in the process of discovering the cause of urticaria. Select and administer medications in children with acute spontaneous urticaria. Diff erentiate and recognize the clinical presentation of Quincke's edema and hereditary angioedema

Differentiate expected side effects of drugs from hypersensitivity to drugs. Classify types of drug hypersensitivity. Differentiate skin changes in drug hypersensitivity mediated by late-type hypersensitivity. Explain the diagnostic procedure in case of suspected drug allergy and indicate the indications for conducting a provocation test. Recognize the clinical presentation of anaphylaxis in a child. Explain the principles of treatment of anaphylaxis. Administer adrenaline in a child with anaphylaxis.

To recognize the clinical presentation of the systemic form of juvenile idiopathic arthritis in a child. Distinguish and compare the clinical features of individual subtypes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Recognize the clinical presentation of Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Recognize the clinical presentation of Kawasaki disease. To analyze the differential diagnosis of Kawasaki disease

To understand breast feeding and its advantages. To define and know significance of infant and young child feeding.

To define, assess, diagnose and manage a child with acute diarrhoea and dehydration

: To define gastroesophageal reflux in children. To explain the clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of pathological reflux. To describe clinical signs, diagnostic approach and treatment of adverse food reactions and enterocolitis causes by food proteins.

To define celiac disease. To describe clinical signs, diagnostic approach, treatment and prognosis of celiac disease.

To define Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. To describe etiopathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnostic approach, treatment, complications and prognosis of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.

To list the most common liver diseases in children. To describe the clinical manifestation of liver disea se. To explain the diagnostic test in suspected liver disease. To describe the treatment options in most common liver diseases.

To describe the clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of alkali and acid ingestion and swallowed foreign bodies. To describe the emergency treatment in bleeding from upper and lower digestive tract. To diagnose and treat dehydration in children. To describe signs and treatment of acute abdomen.

To define obesity in children. To describe clinical presentation and evaluation of obesity. To explain the treatment and prevention of obesity.

To define DM type 1. To explain genetics, etiology and pathophysiology of DM type 1. To describe clinical signs and laboratory findings of DM. To describe acute complications, treatment and prognosis of DM type 1. To define DM type 2 and MODY in children and explain treatment options.

Explain the importance of newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism. List the most common causes of congenital hypothyroidism. Describe the clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment of congenital hypothyroidism. List the most common causes, clinical signs and treatment of acquired hypothyroidism. Explain how hypothyroidism affects children's mental development, growth and pubertal development. To compare the treatment of congenital and acquired hypothyroidism. List the most common causes, clinical signs and treatment of hyperthyroidism.

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Explain the basic principles of normal sexual differentiation. Classify gender differentiation disorders. Define CAH and describe the mechanism of CAH formation. To explain the pathophysiology of ambiguous genitalia in girls with CAH. Describe the clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment of CAH. Describe the most common clinical features of children with Turner and Klinefelter syndrome

To explain the pathophysiology of DKA. To describe the clinical signs and treatment of DKA. To describe the clinical signs and treatment of the acute insufficiency of the suprarenal gland. To explain the signs and treatment of thyrotoxicosis.

To define hypoglycemia in neonates and older children. To list the causes of hypoglicemia. To describe clinical signs and treatment of hypoglycemia.

To describe epidemiology, etiology and pathogenesis of urinary tract infections in children. To describe clinical signs in infants and older children with urinary infections. To explain diagnostic approach to urinary infections. To explain treatment and complications of urinary infections.

To define hematuria. To explain etiology and diagnostic approach to hematuria. To describe hereditary and acquired glomerular diseases in children. To define proteinuria. To explain etiology and diagnostic approach to proteinuria. To des cribe clinical signs and treatment of nephrotic syndrome

To describe etiology and pathogenesis of acute kidney injury. To explain clinical signs and laboratory findings of acute kidney failure. To define HUS. To explain etiology, clinical presentation, laboratory findings and treatment of HUS

To define hypertension according to age. To list the causes of hypertension. To define primary and secondary hypertension. To explain the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive crisis.

To list causes of headaches in children. To explain classification and diagnostic approach to headaches. To describe symptoms of migraine and migraine variants. To explain treatment in headaches

To describe neurocutaneous syndromes. To list and describe craniosinostisis, microcephaly, macrocranium. To describe disorders of brain cortical development and neural tube development. To define and describe signs of hydrocephalus in children. To describe clinical signs of neurofibromatosis type 1 and 2. To define and explain clinical signs of tuberous sclerosis and Sturge Weber syndrome.

To define cerebral palsy. To describe risk factors, epidemiology, clinical presentation and etiology of cerebral palsy. To define and explain the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorder.

To define epileptic seizures. To describe the classification of epilepsies. To explain the work -up and treatment of epilepsy. To define status epilepticus. To explain treatment of status epilepticus in children.

To define and describe neonatal seizures. To define and explain affective respiratory attacks. To define and describe signs of febrile seizures. To define and describe psychogenic seizures. To describe the work up in syncope.

To list the most common neuromuscular diseases. To explain neurologic signs of neuromuscular diseases. To define and describe muscular dystrophies and congenital myopathies. To describe neuromuscular junction disorders and motor neuron disease. To describe the most common inflammatory muscle diseases and neuropathies

To list the most common causes of acute disorders of consciousness. To explain the Glasgow coma scale in children. To describe the diagnostic approach to a child with impaired consciousness. To define and explain the treatment of elevated intracranial pressure

At the end of this teaching unit, the student will be able to list and define the types of shock in children, recognize the signs of shock and describe the initial procedures in the treatment of shock.

At the end of this course, the student will be able to define sepsis in children and describe initial diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in children with sepsis.

To list the causes of infection of CNS. To describe pathogenesis and clinical signs of meningitis and encephalitis. To explain the diagnostic approach and treatment in children with meningitis and encephalitis.

To explain the importance of stabilisation before transportation; to describe the procedures for safe transportation. 

To explain the recognition and treatment of acute and chronic pain in children.

To define child abuse and child neglect. To describe signs of physical, sexual and emotional abuse. To explain peer abuse.

Case report - interesting cases in hematology: history, physical findings, diagnosis and treatment

To explain the diagnostic approach and treatment in various clinical conditions

To explain the diagnostic and clinical approaches in different clinical conditions in paediatrics

Presentation of interesting cases in endocrinology: history, diagnosis and treatment

Interesting cases in pediatric cardiology: history, diagnosis and treatment

Interesting cases in pediatric neurology: history, diagnosis and treatment

Interesting cases in pediatric pulmonology: history, diagnosis and treatment

Interesting cases in pediatric allergology: history, diagnosis and treatment

Interesting cases in neonatology: history, diagnosis and treatment

Interesting cases in pediatric intensive care - history, diagnosis and treatment